RSNA Sunday Night
Film Panel 2014
2014 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Moderator:
Jeffrey C. Weinreb, MD
FACR, FISMRM, FSCBT/MR
Professor of Diagnostic Radiology Yale School of Medicine
Yale Department of Radiology
Director Imaging Services
Chief Body Imaging Section
Director of Clinical Quality Initiatives
Yale-New Haven Hospital
Director MRI Section
“… a leading authority on MRI contrast agents, MRI for the abdomen (focusing on the liver), pelvis (focusing on the prostate), and abdominal body CT”
Jeffrey C. Weinreb, MD
1970-1974: Phi Beta Kappa; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
1974-1978: MD, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
1978-1979: Internship Internal Medicine; Long Island Jewish Medical Center
1979-1982: Radiology residency/chief resident: Long Island Jewish Medical Center
1982-1983: Fellowship: cross-sectional imaging at the Hospital of the University ofPennsylvania
1983-1986: Faculty, University of Texas Southwestern
1986-1988: Faculty, Columbia College for Physicians and Surgeons
1988-2002: Faculty, New York University School of Medicine
2002-Faculty, Yale University School of Medicine
1984
2013
Professional welfare:
“… a leading authority on MRI contrast agents, MRI for the abdomen (focusing on the liver), pelvis (focusing on the prostate), and abdominal body CT...”
and patient welfare
2014 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Running the race and
panelist welfare
2014 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Moderator:
Jeffrey C. Weinreb, MD
Panelists
PanelistsCarol H. Lee, MDBreast Radiologist
PanelistsTheodore T. Miller, MDMusculoskeletal Radiologist
PanelistsReginald Munden, MD, DMD, MBA Chest Radiologist
PanelistsAnwar R. Padhani, MB BSBody/Oncology Radiologist
PanelistsRadiologist
PanelistsHoward A. Rowley, MDNeuoradiologist
PanelistsCarol H. Lee, MDTheodore T. Miller, MDReginald Munden, MD, DMD, MBAAnwar R. Padhani, MB BSHoward A. Rowley, MD
Program Details
• Each panelist received 2 cases in July to review
• Very explicit instructions
• Required to submit slides with evaluations by October 1
Program Details
• Panelists will be given their cases in random order
• Asked to describe the findings, provide a focused differential diagnosis, provide their top choice
Program Details
• The diagnosis will then be revealed
• A brief overview of the entity will be provided
Program Details
• The primary objective is to learn how experts approach a case
• All of the cases are challenging, and “nailing” the diagnosis may not be possible
First Case
Theodore T. Miller, MD
Attending Radiologist
Hospital for Special Surgery
Professor of Radiology
Weill Cornell Medical College
Theodore T. Miller, MD
Univ of Penn: Majored in Latin
Med School: Vanderbilt
Residency: Mount Sinai
MSK Fellowship: HSS
Theodore T. Miller, MD
>80 peer reviewed articles
17 book chapter
Textbook on MSK imaging
RSNA Editorial Fellow
International Skeletal Society Presidents’ Medal
Landon
Ben
Elisa
Mom
Jack
Terry
MSK Case #1
17-year-old girl with left knee pain during athletic activity
Bone-forming Tumors
• Osteoid Osteoma
• Osteosarcoma
– Osteoblastoma-like OS – can be sclerotic 70% older than 25 yrs; femur is uncommon
– Low-grade intraosseous OS (aka well-differentiated IOS)
Bone-forming Tumors
• Low-grade intraosseous OS
– < 1% of all OS
– Majority of patients in 2nd/3rd decades
– Distal femoral metaphysis most common
– Lytic, mixed, sclerotic
Diagnosis?
Low Grade Central Osteosarcoma Intraosseous Well-differentiated Osteosarcoma
Low Grade Central Osteosarcoma
• <1% of all osteosarcomas
• Consist of fibroblastic stroma of variable cellularity and osteoid arranged in parallel seams
• Most involve long bones -especially around the knee joint
Imaging
• Most common pattern is a large intracompartmental expansile lytic fibro-osseous lesion with coarsely thick or thin incomplete trabeculae
• Less common pattern is a densely sclerotic lesion (sclerotic type)
Low Grade Central Osteosarcoma
• Indolent course with long history of pain and swelling
• Metastasis less common than conventional osteosarcomas
• Treatment:
– Wide local excision +/- chemotherapy
Next Case
Carol H. Lee, MD
Med School: Yale
Residency: Yale
Carol H. Lee, MD
Attending Radiologist
Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Professor of Radiology
Weill Cornell Medical College
Carol H. Lee, MD
>40 peer reviewed articles
10 book chapters
Chair: ACR Commission on Breast Imaging
Vice-President: ACR
President: Society of Breast Imaging
Member of FDA National Mammography Quality Assurance Advisory Committee
Katie
Hod
John
Breast Case #1
44-year-old woman with family history of breast cancer being evaluated for lung transplant
Oval, partially circumscribed, partially obscured mass
No calcifications
Central retroareolar location
Oval circumscribed heterogeneously enhancing mass
Oval, hypoechoic circumscribed mass with parallel orientation, increased vascularity, enhanced posterior echoes
Surrounding lucency, duct extension
Salient Factors
• Non-palpable
• No calcifications
• Retroareolar location
• Surrounding lucency, intraductal location
Differential Diagnosis
• Invasive ductal carcinoma, NOS
• Phyllodes tumor
• DCIS/papillary carcinoma
• Large duct papilloma
Differential Diagnosis
• Invasive ductal carcinoma, NOS
• Phyllodes tumor
• DCIS/papillary carcinoma
• Large duct papilloma
Diagnosis?
Solitary Intraductal Papilloma
Solitary Intraductal Papilloma
• Arise from major lactiferous ducts, usually near the nipple
• 2-3% of female population
– average age 48 years
Imaging
• Circumscribed benign-appearing mass
– often subareolar
– Small ones often occult on mammography
– Suspicious cluster of calcifications
• Solitary or multiple dilated ducts
Solitary Intraductal Papilloma
• Benign, but women with this lesion have relative risk 1.5-2x for developing invasive breast ca in their lifetime
• Treated with duct excision
Next Case
Howard A Rowley, MD
Joseph F. Sackett Professor of Radiology
Professor of Neurology & Neurosurgery
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Howard A Rowley, MD
Med School: Wash U
Residency/Fellowship: UCSF
Board certified in Radiology and Neurology
Chairman of the Board of the Foundation of the American Society of Neuroradiology
Howard A Rowley, MD
>130 peer reviewed papers
>600 invited lectures
Consistent NIH funding
Joe
Annie
Paul
Neuro Case #1
33-year-old woman with altered mental status and facial/arm dyskinesias
Differential Diagnosis, Fast and Slow
• System 2
– Deliberate
– Methodical
– Reasoned
– Orderly
– Self critical
– Imposes logic
– Slow
• System 1
– Fast
– Intuitive
– Automatic
– Mental ‘shotgun’
– ‘Off the shelf’ answers
– Priming effects creates bias
After Kahneman, D. “Thinking, Fast and Slow” 2011
Differential Diagnosis, Fast and Slow
• System 2
– Deliberate
– Methodical
– Reasoned
– Orderly
– Self critical
– Imposes logic
– Slow
• System 1
– Fast
– Intuitive
– Automatic
– Mental ‘shotgun’
– ‘Off the shelf’ answers
– Priming effects creates bias
After Kahneman, D. “Thinking, Fast and Slow” 2011
Differential Diagnosis, Fast and Slow
• System 2
– Deliberate
– Methodical
– Reasoned
– Orderly
– Self critical
– Imposes logic
– Slow
“VINDICATE”
V ascular
I nfectious / inflammatory / immune
N eoplastic (primary, mets, para-)
D rugs
I atrogenic
C ongenital
A natomic / Artifact
T rauma
E nvironmental exposure / endocrine toxic / metabolic
Differential Diagnosis: Limbic Encephalitis
HSV-1
• Infectious
• Neoplastic
• Toxic-metabolic
• Paraneoplastic
– “Onconeural” antibodies
• Autoimmune
Glioma
Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis
• Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures
– Frequent, brief, unilateral dystonic seizures
Arm (100%) > Face (76%) > Leg (34%)
– Precedes limbic encephalitis (median 36 days)
– Adult onset, mean age 64 years, 19:10 M:F
– Hyponatremia (88%)
• Voltage-gated potassium channels
– VGKC-complex antibodies
Lgi 1
Caspr 2
Contactin 2
Modified from Irani et al,
Ann Neurol 2011; 69: 892-900
T2 FLAIR
FDG-PET
Additional History
CT scan of pelvis obtained
-14 HU
Diagnosis?
Anti-NMDAR
(autoimmune)
Encephalitis
Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis
• Severe form of encephalitis with antibodies against N-methyl D-aspartate receptors
• Present with psychiatric symptoms
– Progress to memory disturbance, seizures, dyskinesia, and catatonia
Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis
• 80% females, often young
– approximately half associated with an underlying ovarian teratoma
• Tumor removal, immunotherapy, intensive care, physical therapy
Next Case
Anwar R. Padhani, MB BS
Born: Uganda
Med School: Kasturba Med College (India)
Radiology: Cambridge and Guys Hospital
Chest/Cross Sectional Fellowship: Johns Hopkins
Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Radiologist: Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden Hospital
Anwar R. Padhani, MB BS
Consultant Radiologist
Head of Imaging Research
Mount Vernon Cancer Centre
Middlesex, UK
Professor of Cancer Imaging
Institute of Cancer Research
London
Anwar R. Padhani, MB BS
>180 peer reviewed papers
>300 invited lectures
> 20 research grants
Advisor to NCI and Cancer Research UK
Numerous outstanding teacher awards
Femeeda
Body/Oncology Case #1
35-year-old woman with menorrhagia and two years intermittent nausea and vomiting
Key findings
• Collection containing dependent faceted stones, inflammatory reaction, no internal enhancement, no intravoxel fat on IP/OP
• Small amount of free fluid; left ovary not seen
• Normal uterus, right ovary, bowel, nodes
Differential diagnosis
• Torsion of dermoid
– Doesn’t fit
• Dropped gall stones abscess
– Clinical h/o laparoscopy?
• Would like to see: CT
Additional History
Two years earlier
Additional History
• Subsequent transvaginal laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Diagnosis?
Spilled Gallstone Abscess
Spilled Gallstone Abscess
• 5-19% of laparoscopic cholecystectomies have stones spilled with variable rates of retrieval
– Rarely occurs with open cholecystectomy
Transvaginal Cholecystectomy
(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery)
Spilled Gallstone Abscess
• Occurs up to seven years following surgery
• Most common locations
– Abdominal wall
– Intra-abdominal cavity, usually in the subhepatic space
– Retroperitoneum
Spilled Gallstone Abscess
• Consider dropped gallstones as a potential source of recurrent abscess in any patient presenting months to years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
• Calculi identified using US, CT, or MRI within a fluid collection is often diagnostic
Next Case
Reginald Munden, MD, DMD, MBA
Professor and Chair
Deparment of Radiology
Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute
Reginald Munden, MD, DMD, MBA
Dental School: MUSC
Med School: MUSC
Residency: MUSC
Chest Fellowship: Brigham & Women’s
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Reginald Munden, MD, DMD, MBA
>120 peer reviewed articles
10 book chapters
>140 invited lectures
Marthe
Marthe
Chest Case #1
71 year old female with splenomegaly and shortness of breath
Technetium-99m labeled sulfur colloid
• Cardiomegaly, enlarged vessels, ground glass opacities
– Pulmonary edema
– Infection, inflammatory (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
• Sclerotic, mottled bones – myeloproliferativedisorder, malignancy, marrow stimulating therapy
– Drug toxicity
Technetium-99m labeled sulfur colloid
• Colloid shift, severe liver disease
– Pulmonary uptake: Veno-occlusive disease, drug toxicity
= Myeloproliferative Disorder
– RSNA film panel – thoracic case, not MSK!
– So the diffuse pulmonary uptake if not likely from hepatic failure
Diagnosis
Pulmonary
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Diagnosis?
Pulmonary
Extramedullary Hematopoeisis
Myeloproliferative disorder (Polycythemia Vera)
Pulmonary Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
• Development of blood cells outside bone marrow
– Usually secondary process resulting from chronic primary process such as myeloproliferative disorders (including polycythemia vera)
– Most common in liver, spleen, & lymph nodes
– Less common in GI, breast, skin, kidneys, pleura & lung
Imaging
• CT
– Paraspinal mass
– Non-specific ground-glass opacities, septalthickening, nodules
• Technetium-99m-colloid shows uptake in macrophages in erythropoietic tissue
Pulmonary Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
• Usually no serious clinical implications
• Definitive diagnosis often made with fine needle aspiration biopsy
• Treatment of underlying etiology
– Low dose radiation therapy
Next Case
Theodore T. Miller, MD
MSK Case #2
16-year-old boy with shoulder pain
Permeative Destructive Lesions
• Benign
– osteomyelitis
– eosinophilic granuloma
• Malignant
– Ewing’s sarcoma
– osteosarcoma
– Lymphoma
– neuroblastoma mets
Permeative/Lytic Destructive Lesions
• Angiomatous/Lymphatic Processes
– Gorham’s Disease-progressive osteolysis due to angiomatosis
• “massive osteolysis”
• “vanishing bone disease”
• Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly-“lymphangiomatosis”
– systemic disease with cystic bony involvement
Gorham’s Disease – prevalence in flat bones
Lala S et al. Gorham-Stout disease and generalized lymphatic anomaly—clinical, radiologic, and histologic differentiation. Skeletal Radiol. 2013 Jul;42:917-24
Additional History
Two years later
Diagnosis?
Gorham’s Disease
Gorham Vanishing Bone Disease
Phantom Bone Disease
Massive Osteolysis
(“Boneless Arm” reported in 1819)
Gorham’s Disease
• Rare bone disorder
– proliferation of distended, thin walled vascular or lymphatic channels in the bone
– Resorption and replacement of bone with angiomas and/or fibrosis
Gorham’s Disease
• Cause unknown, but 57% of patients report history of trauma
– Most common in children and young adults
• May occur in single bone or spread to soft tissue and adjacent bones
– Most common in shoulder, pelvic girdle, and skull
Imaging
• Non-specific in early stages
• Progression
– foci of intramedullary and subcortical lucency (osteopenia)
– dissolution, fragmentation and fractures of bone may result in long bone tapering (“sucked candy” appearance)
– complete resorption
Gorham’s Disease
• Because of rarity, no standard therapy
– surgical resection, interferon, biphosphonates, radiation, sclerotherapy, bone cement, bone graft…..
• In some cases, spontaneous remission
Next Case
Carol H. Lee, MD
Breast Case #2
• 51-year-old woman with new palpable mass left breast 9:00
• Excisional biopsy UOQ left breast two years ago was benign
Large mass with predominately circumscribed, partly obscured margins. No calcifications
• Oval mass with circumscribed margins
• Parallel orientation
• Internal anechoic space
• No effect on posterior echoes
• Oval enhancing mass with circumscribed margins
• Internal irregular low signal
Hypermetabolic on PET with central low FDG avidity
Salient Factors
• Prior benign biopsy
• Large mass
• Irregular cystic space
• FDG uptake
Differential
Invasive carcinoma
Metaplastic
Medullary
Triple negative ductal
Fat necrosis
Fibromatosis/desmoid
Phyllodes tumor
Phyllodes Tumor
• Benign
• Borderline
• Malignant
Differential
Invasive carcinoma
Metaplastic
Medullary
Triple negative ductal
Fat necrosis
Fibromatosis/desmoid
Phyllodes tumor
Diagnosis?
Malignant Phyllodes Tumor
Phyllodes Tumor
• Composed of an epithelial and a cellular stromal component
• < 1% of breast tumors
• Most are benign, but 10-15% are malignant
– Core biopsy has moderate sensitivity due to tumor heterogeneity
Phyllodes Tumor
• Typically middle age or older woman
• Painless rapidly growing breast mass
– Benign ones may grow rapidly
Imaging
• Mammography:
– Large, circumscribed, round or oval mass
• US & MRI:
– Inhomogeneous, solid mass
– Similar to fibroadenoma except margins may be ill defined and may contain cystic spaces
Malignant Phyllodes Tumor
• Complete surgical excision by either wide local excision or mastectomy
• 20% of both benign and malignant tumors recur locally
Next Case
Howard A Rowley, MD
Neuro Case #2
17-year-old man new onset lower extremity weakness followed by upper extremity weakness two days later
2 days later
2 days later
Differential Dx: Acute Transverse Myelopathy
• Infectious / parainfectious / immune
• Demyelinating
• Vascular
• Toxic-metabolic
• Trauma
– (SPAM)
• Neoplastic / paraneoplastic
Guillian-
BarréSyndrome
Differential Dx: Acute Transverse Myelopathy
NMO
• Infectious / parainfectious / immune
• Demyelinating
• Vascular
• Toxic-metabolic
• Trauma
– (SPAM)
• Neoplastic / paraneoplastic
Differential Dx: Acute Transverse Myelopathy
DWI
• Infectious / parainfectious / immune
• Demyelinating
• Vascular
• Toxic-metabolic
• Trauma
– (SPAM)
• Neoplastic / paraneoplastic
Cord
infarction
after AAA
repair
Differential Dx: Acute Transverse Myelopathy
??
• Infectious / parainfectious / immune
• Demyelinating
• Vascular
• Toxic-metabolic
• Trauma
– (SPAM)
• Neoplastic / paraneoplastic
Additional History
MVA one month ago
Diagnosis?
Subacute Progressive Ascending Myelopathy
SPAM
SPAM
• Rare neurological deterioration several segments cranial to initial neurologic level of injury
• Usually occurs within 3 weeks (up to 2 months) of injury to any part of cord
• Most recover
– Up to 10% mortality if brainstem involved
Imaging
• Non-specific increased intramedullary T2 signal
– at least four segments above initial injury site
– rim of peripheral cored sparing
– cord expansion
– no syrinx
SPAM
• Wide range of treatments;
– anticoagulation
– decompression
– steroids and mannitol
– cordectomy
Next Case
Anwar R. Padhani, MB BS
Body/Oncology Case #2
43-year-old woman with right upper quadrant pain
• Multifocal, confluent masses, irregular margins, follows blood vessels with mass effect on vessels, subcapsular
• Hypovascular compared to liver (minor peripheral and internal enhancement)
• Everything else normal
• Capsular retraction
• Hypermetabolic
• No intravoxel fat
• No cirrhosis
• No calcifications
Differential diagnosis
• Lymphoma - primary
– Query h/o HIV
• Epithelial haemangiosarcoma
– Wrong species! No thorotrast!
• Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
– PET scan findings against
Diagnosis?
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
• Rare tumor arising from vascular endothelial cells
– composed of dendritic and epithelioid cells
– intermediate between hemangioma and angiosarcoma
• 60% women
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
• May be aggressive
• 30-50% with metastases at diagnosis
– 5 year survival 43%
Imaging
• Multiple coalescent solid nodules, located in a predominantly peripheral or subcapsular distribution
• Sometimes demonstrate a peripheral halo or target-type enhancement pattern
• Lesions adjacent to the capsule often produce hepatic capsular retraction
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
• Surgical resection or orthotopic liver transplantation
Next Case
Reginald Munden, MD, DMD, MBA
Chest Case #2
18-year-old boy born with congenital hip dislocation now with recurrent episodes of chest pain after yawning
1 month later
1 month later
• Young male with spontaneous pneumothorax
– Idiopathic, FLCN gene, smoking
• Pulmonary nodules with cavitation
– Metastatic disease, treated metastases
• Sarcoma, germ cell, adenocarcinoma, renal
– TB, fungal
– Septic emboli
• Cavitary nodules and hemorrhage
– Fungal infection – aspergillus, blastomycosis
– Metastatic disease
• Melanoma, sarcoma, renal, embryonic, angiocarcinoma
– Vascular disorder – hematomas
• Congenital hip dislocation/ age
– Connective tissue problem, no tracheal/airway disease
– Hip dislocation, cavitary nodules, spontaneous ptx
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Type IV
Diagnosis?
Ehlers Danlos Type IV
Ehlers Danlos Type IV
Ehlers Danlos Type IV
• Inherited connective tissue disorder
• Defect in collagen or proteins that interact with collagen
• At least ten sub-types (most autosomal dominant)
– Type IV -Vascular Type (rare)
COL 3A1 mutation results in type III procollagen
Ehlers Danlos Type IV
• Type-IV amongst most severe sub-types
• Characteristic facial features, thin transparent skin, easy bruising
• Rupture of the arteries, uterus, intestines
– Average life expectancy 48 years
Imaging
• Pulmonary manifestations are uncommon
– Pneumo/hemothorax
– bulla formation
– cavitary lesions
– saccular bronchiectasis
– sequelae of recurrent hemoptysis
– tracheobronchomegaly
– repeated episodes of pneumonia
– fibrous pseudotumors
Acknowledgements
Yale
Other
• Michelle McDonough (Mayo Clinic Jacksonville)
• Javier Beltran (Maimonides, Brooklyn)
• “Chip” Dodd
(Univ Colorado)
• Richard Bronen
• Tamir Freidman
• Andrew Haimes
• Gary Israel
• Liane Philpotts
• Ami Rubinowitz
• Gordon Sze
• Vahe Zohrabian
Thank You